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Sunday, March 28, 2010

About this Project

In the human body systems project I described nine systems of the human body, explained the function, listed the organs of the system, listed interactions of this specific system with other systems I learned about, included a picture, and listed some diseases, disorders & other problems of the system (my own category).


Below is the 'Works Cited' page and beside this post is the list of systems.

Enjoy reading!

Reema
Mrs.Dalton's 7th period

My own category~~~

Diseases, Disorders & Other Problems

I included at least two diseases, disorders OR other problems from the system.

Works Cited

  • Pernick, Nat. "Trachea."PathologyOutlines. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2010.

  • Berg, Linda Ruth, Barbara Christopher, Jennie Dusheck, and Mark F. Taylor Katy Z. Allen. Georgia Holt Science & Technology (Life Science). Geogria Edition ed. New York, London: Holt/Rinehart/Winston, 2008. Print.

  • Simon, Harvey. "Urinary tract infection." Adam. N.p., 25 Aug. 2008. Web. 27 Mar. 2010.

  • Carpi, Anthony. "Basic Anatomy - Organs & Organ Systems." Courses Pages. Netscape Communications, n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2010. .

  • Kidport, Bryan. "Reference Library - Science - Muscles of the Human Body." Kidport Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2010.

  • "Muscular System | ENCOGNITIVE.COM."ENCOGNITIVE.COM | Natural, alternative cancer, heart disease, diabetes, treatment, cure. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2010.

  • Col, Jeananda. "Brain Glossary - EnchantedLearning.com."ENCHANTED LEARNING HOME PAGE. Enchanted Learning, n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2010.

  • "Home." Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2010.

  • "WikiAnswers - What is the function of a human tongue."WikiAnswers - The Q&A wiki. Answers, n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2010.

  • Parlin, Theron. "the digestive system « eatwellgetwell – a nutrition and medicine study blog." eatwellgetwell – a nutrition and medicine study blog. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2010. .

  • "Melanoma - In-Depth Report - NY Times Health." Health News - The New York Times. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2010.

  • "IMCPL Kids." Indianapolis - Marion County Public Library. Government, n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2010.

The Integumentary System

Function:

The integumentary system includes skin, hair, and nails. The function of the skin is to keep foreign particles out of the body, to keep you in touch with the outside world by letting you touch and feel, to rid of waste through sweat, and to regulate your body temperature, which is also by sweating. Hair helps protect your skin from ultraviolet rays, and helps keep dust and insects out of your eyes and nose. Nails protect your finger and toe tips.
Organs:
Nails
Skin
Hair
More about hair:
Hair protects your skin from ultraviolet light, such as the rays from the sun. Hair also helps regulate body temperature. Your hairs immediately stand up, and create a "sweater" to trap warm air around you when you are cold. Hair also helps keep dust and insects away from our eyes and nose.
Tissues that make up hair:
Hair follicles
Interactions with other systems:
  • Interacts with the immune system, because they both use the skin to keep pathogens out of the body.
  • Provides protection on the outside of the body just like the skeletal system.
Diseases, Disorders & Other Problems:
  • Skin cancer is a disease through damage of genetic material.
  • Acne can affect the skin with hormones that cause oil glands to make too much oil for the skin. The oil mixes with dead skin cells and clogs hair follicles, causing acne.




The Circulatory System

Function:
The purpose of the circulatory system is to carry oxygen from the lungs and spread it around the rest of the body, and to collect the carbon dioxide from the tissues and cells and exchange it with the lungs, so the lungs can rid of the carbon dioxide and get more oxygen. Along with oxygen, the circulatory system provides the cells with other nutrients, and removes waste that is not needed.
Organs:
Heart
Blood Vessels
Arteries
Capillaries
More about the Heart:
Your heart pumps blood throughout your body, and each time you hear your heart beat- it's sending blood to your veins and lungs, where it is supplied with more oxygen, and then sent back around your body.
Tissues that make up the heart:
Epithelial Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nerve Tissue
Connective Tissue
Interactions:
  • The circulatory system interacts with the excretory system, because it also removes waste, which is what is being done when the circulatory rids the cells of waste.
  • Interacts with the respiratory system when the respiratory system provide the circulatory system with oxygen for the heart to pump around the body.
Diseases, Disorders & Other Problems:
  • Heart disease can cause a heart attack and heart failure and other fatal health problems that will cause the heart to stop. When the heart stops, all the veins won't be able to get access to blood and oxygen. This can be deadly.
  • Sickle-celled Anemia is carried in all red blood cells and reduces the amount of oxygen that can be carried in each cell. This is also very deadly.

The Immune System

Function:

Your immune system is made up of cells and tissues that will attack any foreign substances in your body. The foreign substances would include viruses, bacteria, and parasites. The immune system isn't located in any specific place/spot in your body, and it does not have a specific "control center." It is all of the individual cells, tissues, and organs working together to fight off pathogens and diseases.
Organs:
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic Vessels
Tonsils
Thymus
Spleen
More about the spleen:
This organ destroys and recycles old red blood cells. It also stores blood, in case of a blood emergency. The spleen also contributes to the circulatory system with the production of red blood cells.
Tissues that make up the spleen:
Connective Tissue
Elastic Tissue
Lymphatic Tissue
Interactions with other systems:
  • Interacts with the circulatory system because the spleen works for both the immune system and the circulatory system. It provides the circulatory system with blood.
  • Interacts with skeletal system because the pancreas also forms red blood cells like the skeletal system does.
Diseases, Disorders & Other Problems:
  • AIDS is a disease that kills many of the helper T cells in the immune system. This can be harmful when another disease attacks the immune system, but the immune system cannot fight it.
  • Cancer is a disease in which cells divide at an uncontrollable rate. Cancer can be so severe, that it could lead to death.

The Digestive System

Function:

The digestive system is made up of organs called the digestive tract. The digestive tract is what the food you eat passes through. The digestive tract includes your mouth, stomach, small and large intestine, pharynx, esophagus, rectum, and anus.
Organs:
Stomach
Tongue
Intestines(both)
Pharynx
Esophagus
Pancreas
More about the tongue:
Your tongue is an organ that is covered by the lingual membrane and has special areas that detect the flavor of food. The tongue helps you swallow food and helps it make its way down the esophagus.
Tissues that make up the tongue:
Scar Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
Interactions with other systems:
  • Interacts with muscular system, because chewing is a voluntary action.
  • Interacts with the excretory system because that system removes waste, or the things that you eat.
Diseases, Disorders & Other Problems:
  • Cancer that starts in the pancreas is called pancreatic cancer, a disease that will affect the pancreas, which is a part of the digestive system.
  • Intestinal parasites worms is an infection that can cause stomach bloating, constipation, and many other health problems.

The Nervous System

Function:

The nervous system is how your body makes adjustments and changes. Any change brings a response called stimuli. Examples of stimuli are a noise, light, smell of food. Homeostasis helps maintain the body.
The nervous system has two main functions:
  • to gather information.
  • respond to information.
There are two parts to the nervous system: the central nervous system, which consists of your brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which is all the other parts of the system except for the brain and spinal cord. The central nervous system would act as the control system, and the peripheral nervous system would send the information out to the rest of your body.
Organs:
Eyes
Hearts
Lungs
Brain
Intestines
More about the Brain:
The brain is made up of 100 million neurons (neurons are the main aspect of the system). The brain includes the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem .The brain is like the "main post" of the whole system. When it receives information, it tells the rest of your body how to react.
Tissues that make up the brain:
Connective Tissue
Nervous Tissue
Interactions with other systems:
  • Interacts with the skeletal system and or muscular system, because the responding can be with movement, and the skeletal system has to do with movement in your body.
  • Interacts with excretory system because that system is responding to all the excess waste by removing it from your body.
The brain and the spinal cord receive the information (the central nervous system), and the rest of your body (everything green; the peripheral nervous system) respond to the information.
Diseases, Disorders & Other Diseases:
  • An injury could be a spinal cord injury, which can block information to and from the brain.
  • Depressants, such as alcohol and some drugs, can slow down your nervous system, causing you to respond slower than you normally would.


The Muscular System

Function:

Movement in your body has to do with this system. Muscle action can either be voluntary or involuntary. Muscle action that is under your control is voluntary, and muscle action that you do not have control of is involuntary. There are three types of muscles:
Smooth muscle:
This muscle moves food throughout your digestive system.
Skeletal muscle:
Allows you to move your bones ( this would be voluntary muscle action ).
Cardiac muscle:
Pumps blood that goes all around your body.
Examples of Muscles:
Biceps
Triceps
Thigh Muscles
Deltoid Muscles
Calf Muscles
Organs:
Heart
Stomach
Tongue
Intestines
Lungs
More about Lungs:
With each breath you take, your lungs release carbon dioxide and brings oxygen to your body. Breathing is involuntary, because you do not have to think about it. The rate and size of breath increases when you exercise.
Tissues that make up the lungs:
Epithelial Tissue
Elastic Tissue
Interactions with other systems
  • Interacts with the skeletal system, because your bones also help you move.
  • Interacts with your digestive system, because food is moved through your body with your involuntary muscles.
Diseases, Problems & Other Problems:
  • A type of injury that is possible is a strain, in which a muscle or tendon is overstretched or torn.
  • Tendinitis is an injury in which the tendon becomes inflamed when you exercise too much. For a tendon to heal, a long rest is needed.

The Skeletal System

Function:

All the bones and organs of the body make up this system. The skeletal system is the framework of your body. Five major functions of it are...
  • Gives shape and supports your body.
  • Protects everything on the inside (internal organs).
  • Major muscles are attached the the bones.
  • New blood cells are formed at the marrow of some of the bones.
  • Calcium and phosphorous are stored in the bones for later use.
The average human starts out with 300 bones, and ends with about 206 bones. Your tendons connect your muscles to your bones. Joints are a place where two bones meet, joints are held together by ligaments. There are three types of joints: gilding joint, ball-and-socket join, and a hinge joint.
Organs:
Heart
Brain
Stomach
Lungs
Intestines
More about the stomach:
The stomach carries out digestion, and all the tissues work together to carry it out. The stomach stores some of the food we eat. It also breaks down the food, and also slowly empties out the food stored into the small intestine.
Tissues that make up the stomach:
Nervous Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Connective Tissue
Interactions with other systems:
  • Interacts with the nervous system, because when you are responding to your nervous system, you have to move and use your joints and bones.
  • Interacts with muscular system, because both help with movement.

Diseases, Disorders & Other Problems:
  • A sprain is when a ligament is stretched too far and is torn.
  • Arthritis is a disease that affects the joints. The joints may swell or stiffen, and this disease is very painful.

The Excretory System

Function:

The job of the excretory system is to remove the waste from the body that is not needed, and also rids the body of natural gases that can be fatal if not released. Wastes that are removed are water, carbon dioxide, salt, urea, and uric acid.
Organs:
Kidney
Skin
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra
More about Skin:
The skin removes the body of wastes such as salt, urea, and uric acid through sweat. Along with ridding the body of waste, the skin's other function is to keep water inside the body.
Reasons for having skin:
  • Keeps foreign particles that could cause diseases out of your body.
  • Lets you touch and feel things around you.
  • Helps you regulate your body temperature.
  • Gets rid of waste.
Tissues that make up skin:
Elastic Tissue
Connective Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
Interactions with other systems:
  • Interacts with integumentary system, because the integumentary system uses skin as an organ and so does the excretory, because it is one way to remove wastes.
  • Interacts with digestive system. After food is digested it makes its way out the body through a process called excretion, which is the whole process of the excretory system.
Picture above shows organs of the Excretory System.
Diseases, Disorders & Other Problems:
  • Gout is a disorder involving the excretory system in which there is an excess amount of uric acid that the kidney is not getting rid of.
  • Kidney failure is also relevant in the excretory system, and the only cure would be a kidney transplant.

The Respiratory System

Function:

Respiration is where the body uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide and water. The respiratory system is made up of organs that perform this task (respiration). The organs deliver oxygen to blood all throughout your body, and gets rid of carbon dioxide. All of this is done by breathing. When inhaling, oxygen is sent throughout the body, and when exhaling, carbon dioxide is let out.
Along with breathing, there is also cellular respiration. Cellular respiration cells use oxygen to release energy that is stored in "food" molecules (carbohydrates, fats, proteins), and comes out as chemical energy.
Organs:
Nose
Trachea
Pharynx
Larynx
Bronchi
Lungs
Diaphragm
More about Trachea:
The trachea connects the larynx (the vocal cords in your throat), to the lungs. The trachea sends air from the larynx to the lungs, making it like a passageway for air to travel through.
Tissues that make up the trachea:
Fibrous Tissue
Elastic Tissue
Cartilage Tissue
Muscular Tissue
Interactions with other systems:
  • Interacts with the circulatory system when the oxygen from the respiratory system circulates around the body.
  • Interacts with the digestive system. Digestive system breaks down food molecules for blood, and respiratory system provides blood with oxygen.
Picture above shows how air travels through your body by your respiratory system.
Diseases, Disorders & Other Problems:
  • Asthma is a respiratory disorder in which a person has trouble breathing. An asthma attack can occur when something irritates the lungs, such as pollen or dust.
  • Emphysema is another respiratory disorder in which the alveoli (the tiny air sacs in your lungs), has been damaged. Emphysema makes it hard to get oxygen.